「競馬の鞭はなぜ使ってるの？」
「鞭ってどんな意味があるの？」
「鞭を使わないといけないの？」
競馬を一度でもご覧になったことがある人は上記のような疑問を持った人もいるかと思います。
競馬はレース中に鞭を使って競馬のお尻を打っていますが、今回は競馬で鞭を使用する理由や鞭の打ち方などを紹介します。
この記事を読み終える頃には鞭について理解し、また違った競馬の見方をすることができるでしょう。
ぜひ最後までご覧ください。
鞭とは
鞭は、競走馬に騎乗する騎手が使用する道具で、長さ77センチ未満・衝撃吸収素材を使用されているパッドが着用されているものでなければならないという規定があります。
現在は鞭の素材にグラスファイバーが使用されていますが、昔はピアノ線やクジラのひげ・皮などから作られていました。
しかし、捕鯨禁止条約の問題があり、現在では使用されなくなりました。
鞭には沢山の種類があり、長い・短い、硬い・柔らかいなど様々で、値段の方も数万円から数十万のものまでとピンキリです。
鞭は騎手にとって、大事な商売道具ということになります。
鞭を使う理由
ではなぜ、競馬では鞭を使って馬の尻を叩くのでしょうか。
以下3つの理由があります。
・合図
・コントロール
・S・M
1つずつ解説していきます。
合図
ここぞというタイミングの合図として馬のお尻付近を叩いて馬の力を引き出すために鞭を打ちます。
競走馬として調教されている馬は、調教が始まる段階で鞭を打たれたら走らなければならないと教え込まれます。
ゴール前などで全力を出さないといけない時に鞭を入れることでその感覚を思い出して力を発揮させるために鞭を使用します。
ちなみに、ここぞというタイミングについてはレース状況によって異なりますが、多くの場合は最終コーナーを回った後の最後のストレート、一気に馬の力を解放して最後の力を絞り出してというようなタイミングです。
コントロール
前述では、馬の力を最大限発揮させるために鞭を打つと言いましたが、時には馬の走りをコントロールするために鞭を使うことがあります。
馬は全力で走ったり体力の消耗によってばて気味になるとコースから大きくはずれたり真っすぐ走ることができなくなる時があり、そんな時には鞭を入れることで走りをコントロールして従来の走りに戻します。
また、コースから逸れたり右往左往したような走りが続くと、後方からの馬の進行を妨害しているという判断になってしまい、降着や失格になってしまう恐れがあります。
時には馬同士の衝突により大きな事故に発展してしまう危険性もあるので、騎手は馬の走りをコントロールすることがとても重要です。
S・M
馬には、人間と同様にS・Mの概念があるそうで、叩かれることを好む馬と叩かれることを嫌がる馬がいるようです。
この時、人間の感覚とは逆の特性が働くようで、M気質の馬の場合は叩かれることが心地いいと感じてしまい全然走らなくなってしまい、逆にS気質の馬は叩かれることが嫌なので可能な限り速く走って嫌なことから少しでも早く解放されたがると言われています。
S・Mの関係性については諸説がありますが、鞭で叩けばどの馬でも速く走ってくれるわけではないというのは確かです。
鞭の打ち方
続いて鞭の打ち方について解説します。
鞭を打つ時は、ただ単にお尻付近を叩けば良いというわけではありません。
また、お尻だけでなく他の場所を叩いたりなど打ち方にも色々な種類があります。
以下5種類の鞭の打ち方について解説していきます。
・見せ鞭
・肩鞭
・手鞭
・出鞭
・馬車鞭
1つずつ解説していきます。
見せ鞭
見せ鞭とは、言葉のままの意味ですが、鞭を馬に見せることで走る意欲を向上させることができる場合があります。
鞭で叩かかれてしまうと走る気力を失ってしまう馬に対して、馬の視界に鞭が見えるようにすることで叩かれたくないという思考になり速く走ろうという気になるタイプの馬がいます。
また、鞭で叩かくことで力を発揮する馬に対して、鞭で叩く前に鞭を見せることでこれから叩くという合図として使われることもあります。
もちろんすべての馬に対して通用する手段ではなく、馬の性格や調教のやり方によって効果は異なります。
肩鞭
お尻を叩かくことを嫌がる馬に対して使われる叩き方のひとつです。
肩を軽く叩くことでお尻を叩いている時と同じような感覚で馬を走らせることができます。
他にも、肩ら辺を叩くと自然と鞭が馬の視界に映り込むこともあるので、見せ鞭と同じような効果が生まれることもあります。
手鞭
レース中に不意に鞭を落としてしまったりした時に使われるのがこの手鞭です。
その名の通り、騎手自身の手を鞭代わりにして馬を叩く手法です。
出鞭
レースがスタートした直後に使う鞭の打ち方を出鞭と言います。
主に逃げ・先行タイプの馬やスタートが遅い馬などに用いられる手法です。
馬車鞭
馬車鞭とは、鞭を回転させながら打つことから、風車に見立ててついた呼称・打ち方です。
現在の競馬ではルールの兼ね合いで使用されることがほとんどありませんが、昔は外国人の騎手や地方競馬で使われていました。
打ち方の見た目は豪快かつ乱暴な感じに見えますが、走っている馬の動きやテンポに合わせて打たなければならないので、高度な技術が要求されます。
鞭の使用回数
一度のレースで鞭が使用できる回数には制限があります。
これは、馬の安全面や競馬の健全性を考慮し、2011年に全国の地方競馬において作られたルールです。
現在の国内ルールでは、鞭を連続で使用できるのが10回までとされており、11回以上の使用が確認されると制裁・処罰を受けなければなりません。
ちなみに、連続使用については、馬の完歩数で計られており、2完歩以上の間隔が空けば連続使用の回数はリセットされます。
上記の規定回数を超えて鞭を使用してしまうと以下のような罰則が与えられます。
・1回目～戒告
・2回目～過怠金1万円
・3回目～過怠金3万円
・4回目～過怠金5万円
・5回目～過怠金7万円
・6回目～過怠金10万円
6回目以降については、その年いっぱい(12月31日まで)の過怠金が10万円になります。
過怠金については年明けの1月1日にリセットされるので、仮に早い段階で6回以上制裁を受けてしまうと長い期間、もしもルールを守れなかったら常に10万円を払わなければならないという重い制裁を受けなければなりません。
海外の鞭のルール
上記は国内を対象とした鞭に関するルールです。
海外では日本とは若干ルールが異なり、国によっての差もあります。
では、どの国が何回までの使用をOKとしているのかを以下にまとめてみました。
・イギリス：バックハンド7回まで
・フランス：1レースあたり5回
・ドイツ：2023年より3回まで（それまで5回まで）
・ノルウェー：鞭の使用を禁止
ルール違反
海外の鞭に関するルール違反については、日本と同様に罰金が科せられることが多いです。
また、イタリアやチェコスロバキアなどの国では鞭の使用回数等に関する制限や規制はない国もあります。
では、主にどんなことが理由でルール違反になってしまうのか？
以下では鞭の使用ルールに関する違反の理由について紹介・解説していきます。
ルール違反になる理由
ルール違反をしてしまう主な理由として、以下2つが挙げられます。
・過剰使用する時
・臨機応変な対応
1つずつ解説していきます。
過剰使用する時
日本の競馬では馬の能力を最大限に発揮させなければならないというルールがあります。
ここで問題視されるのが、馬の能力を発揮させるには鞭を打たなければならない、でも鞭を過剰使用してしまえば厳しい制裁を受けなければならないという点です。
ルールを守るために鞭の使用を抑えたり明らかに手を抜いた走行は、着順に大きく関わり、馬券を購入している観客からの批判を買うことにも繋がります。
また、騎手が手を抜いた騎乗をしていたいうことになると、油断騎乗と判断され、油断騎乗は鞭の過剰使用よりも重い処罰が与えられます。
臨機応変な対応
いくらルール違反になるといっても、時と場合によってはそのルールすら破ってでも鞭を打ちたいシーンがあります。
欧米では、鞭使用に関する制限に対してのジャッジが、上位争いをしている場合のレースでは緩く(甘く)、それ以外の平常レースでは厳しく、というのが一般的と言われています。
このように、状況に応じて臨機応変な対応をしてくれる国もあり、日本の鞭使用制限についてのルールは厳しすぎるところがあるので、もう少し臨機応変な対応をしてくれると騎手にとっても、見ている人にとってももっと競馬が面白く、楽しくなるのではないかと思います。
まとめ
競馬で使用される鞭は、馬の能力を最大限に引き出すために使用されることがほとんどです。
主にレース終盤に使われることが多いですが、馬の走りをコントロールすることに使ったり、馬の性格や特徴によって叩き方を使い分けたりします。
鞭の打ち方にも様々な種類があり、打ち方によって馬の能力を活かすことができたり、逆にまったく活かせない時もあります。
使用する鞭には回数制限などの規制が設けられているため、ルールを守らなかった場合には罰金などの厳しい処罰が与えられます。
国によってルールの基準や違反の判断基準が異なり、その辺りに関して日本は世界と比べると厳しいと言えるでしょう。
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